Manufactured composite having synthetic vegetation and impermeable geomembrane, and capping system using same

ABSTRACT

A manufactured composite comprising synthetic turf and impermeable geomembrane is used in a single-layer capping system as the single layer to provide permanent, impermeable and functional aesthetic cover for land reclamation. During installation of composite pieces at a job site, an edge portion of a tufted section of a second composite piece is overlaid onto an edge untufted section of the first composite piece already laid and anchored over foundation soil to form a reinforced overlapping seam, through which the two composite pieces are physically and permanently joined together. As composite pieces are joined together, the continuity of synthetic grass and the continuity of impermeability are extended and realized over the entire site to form permanent, impermeable and functional aesthetic cover for land reclamation.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This continuation patent application claims priority from co-pendingUnited States Non-Provisional patent application having Ser. No.13/747,460, filed 22 Jan. 2013, entitled “MANUFACTURED COMPOSITE HAVINGSYNTHETIC VEGETATION AND IMPERMEABLE GEOMEMBRANE, AND CAPPING SYSTEMUSING SAME”, having a common applicant herewith and being incorporatedherein in its entirety by reference.

United States Non-Provisional patent application having Ser. No.13/747,460 claims priority from co-pending United States Provisionalpatent application having Ser. No. 61/594,962, filed 3 Feb. 2012,entitled “An Anchored Synthetic Vegetation and Geo-membrane ManufacturedComposite for Final Capping and Reclamation”, having a common applicantherewith and being incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to a manufacture used by acapping system for providing impermeable cover for land reclamation, andmore particularly relates to a manufactured composite having syntheticgrass and impermeable geo-membrane, as well as a capping system usingthe manufactured composite to provide permanent, impermeable andfunctional aesthetic cover for land reclamation.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

Synthetic turf has been extensively used not only for outdoor and indoorsports venues, but also in residential and a wide variety of commerciallandscape applications, particularly in arid locations and/or regionswhere maintenance and water costs have risen. Before the emergence andwide use of synthetic turf, a typical capping system for landreclamation used, inter alia, natural grass, multiple layers of soil,synthetic drainage components and a layer of impermeable thermoplasticgeomembrane (such as HDPE or LLDPE liners), to cap the wastethere-below. With the advancement of synthetic turf over the past 50years, capping systems have recently advanced to use, inter alia,synthetic turf and sand infill, rather than the previously used naturalgrass and top soil, along with separate layers of synthetic drainagecomponents and impermeable thermoplastic geo-membrane liners.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,682,105 (hereinafter referred to as “the '105 patent”)discloses such a conventional synthetic grass capping system, which isillustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B. As shown, capping system 100 usesseparate layers. The top layer is synthetic turf formed of artificialgrass 103 and geotextiles 104. A sand layer 105 of about 0.5 to about1.0 inches is placed as infill of the synthetic turf to ballast thematerial and protect the system against wind uplift. Below geotextiles104 of the synthetic turf is an impermeable LLDPE geomembrane 102 (whichis also referred to as “Super GripNet” using the trademark of AGRUAmerica, Inc.) having a series of spaced studs attached to the upsidethereof and a series of spikes attached to the underside thereof. Asdisclosed in the '105 patent, the series of studs are incorporated inthe impermeable liner part of LLDPE geomembrane 102 to form syntheticdrainage components. Impermeable LLDPE geomembrane 102 covers foundationsoil (also referred to as “intermediate soil cover”) 101, which caps andseal waste 108 situated there-below. In some conventional syntheticgrass capping systems, there may be a gas collection layer (not shown)placed between thermoplastic geomembrane 102 and foundation soil 101.

Such conventional synthetic grass capping systems share a few commoncharacteristics. First, such capping systems, as exemplified in FIGS. 1Aand 1B by the one disclosed in the '105 patent, all require multipledistinct and separate layers each requiring a distinct and separateinstallation. For example, synthetic turf, sand infill and thermoplasticgeomembrane are separate layers each requiring distinct and separateinstallations.

Next, such conventional synthetic grass capping systems, especially whenbeing implemented on slopes, rely on heavy sand infill for anchoringagainst wind uplift. This is quite evident for capping system 100 of the'105 patent. In particular, capping system 100 prefers a sand layer ofabout 0.5 to about 1.0 inches (placed as infill), which, according tothe '105 patent, produces a weight of about 5 to about 10 pounds persquare foot, to ballast the material and protect capping system 100against wind uplift. Moreover, as extensively detailed in the '105patent, capping system 100 at least partly relies on the frictionbetween the sand infill and the artificial grass layer to resist slidingfailure when the capping system is implemented along steep slopes. Thus,having sand infill is essential for conventional synthetic grass cappingsystems like the capping system 100 disclosed in the '105 patent.

Further, in addition to basic synthetic turf and thermoplasticgeomembrane liners, such conventional synthetic grass capping systemsalso require some forms of synthetic drainage components situatedbetween an upper synthetic turf and a lower impermeable thermoplasticgeomembrane liner. For example, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the seriesof spaced studs incorporated in LLDPE geomembrane 102 are syntheticdrainage components required by the capping system 100 of the '105patent.

These common characteristics, however, result in several disadvantages.Specifically, since such a conventional synthetic grass capping systemrequires multiple distinct and separate layers each requiring a distinctand separate installation, extensive labor, equipment and time, andtherefore cost, are thus needed to deploy such a system in, for example,permanently closing a reclamation site. Next, since such a conventionalsynthetic grass capping system relies on heavy sand infill, implementingsuch a system inevitably requires substantial materials, transportationand site manipulation. Besides, since required sand infill issusceptible to wind and water erosion, such a conventional syntheticgrass capping system often requires replenishing and repositioning ofthe sand infill in order to maintain aesthetic and functional objective,thus incurring higher costs in long-term maintenance. Further, as noted,in addition to basic synthetic turf and thermoplastic geomembraneliners, such a conventional synthetic grass capping system also requiressynthetic drainage components. Thus, such a capping system inevitablyincurs additional cost associated with manufacturing and incorporatingsynthetic drainage components in the capping system, thereby increasingoverall cost required.

Therefore, there is a need for a capping system that can address theabove-discussed issues existed in conventional synthetic grass cappingsystems exemplified by the one disclosed in the '105 patent.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a manufactured truecomposite having synthetic turf and impermeable geomembrane, which maybe made of or substantially made of thermoset material, such as EPDM.Such a composite, when installed in a job site using intermittent earthanchors and overlapping seams, provides impermeable and functionalaesthetic cover for land reclamation.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a manufacturingprocess to a manufacture a true composite having synthetic turf andimpermeable geomembrane, which, when installed in a job site usingintermittent anchoring schemes (such as earth anchors and/or earthtrenches) and overlapping seams, provides impermeable and functionalaesthetic cover for land reclamation.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a capping systemusing a pre-manufactured composite having synthetic turf and impermeablegeomembrane to form a permanent impermeable cover of a job site. Inparticular, the composite is installed on the job site usingintermittent anchoring devices (such as earth anchors and/or earthtrenches) and overlapping seams. While effectively providing impermeableand functional aesthetic cover for land reclamation, such a cappingsystem, by eliminating separate and distinct layers (such as heavy sandinfill and separate synthetic drainage components) otherwise required,substantially reduces the materials, labor, equipment and time, and thusthe cost, otherwise needed for land reclamation.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a manufacturedcomposite having synthetic turf and impermeable geomembrane, with eachinstallation piece of the composite comprising, along a planardimension, a tufted section and a non-tufted section. The non-tuftedsection is extended from the tufted section along the planar dimensionto one edge of the installation piece and is formed by the primarycomponent of the synthetic turf and the geomembrane but without thesynthetic grass component of the synthetic turf. The non-tufted sectionis used as an impermeable base for anchoring the installation piecesecurely on top of an area of a job site with one or more optional earthanchors. The non-tufted section also serves as an impermeable base forforming a reinforced overlapping seam with a neighboring installationpiece, with the reinforced overlapping seam being used to physically andpermanently join the neighboring installation piece to the installationpiece so as to extend continuity of synthetic grass as well ascontinuity of impermeability of the manufactured composite over an areaof foundation soil.

The above summary contains simplifications, generalizations andomissions of detail and is not intended as a comprehensive descriptionof the claimed subject matter but, rather, is intended to provide abrief overview of some of the functionality associated therewith. Othersystems, methods, functionality, features and advantages of the claimedsubject matter will be or will become apparent to one with skill in theart upon examination of the following figures and detailed writtendescription.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The description of the illustrative embodiments can be read inconjunction with the accompanying figures. It will be appreciated thatfor simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements illustrated in thefigures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, thedimensions of some of the elements are exaggerated relative to otherelements. Embodiments incorporating teachings of the present disclosureare shown and described with respect to the figures presented herein, inwhich:

FIG. 1A-B are cross section views showing an exemplary conventionalsynthetic grass capping system disclosed in the '105 patent.

FIGS. 2A-B are cross section views illustrating the components of amanufactured composite having synthetic turf and impermeable geomembrane(hereinafter referred to as “Composite”), according to one or moreembodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically, FIG. 2A is anexploded cross section view illustrating the components of theComposite, and FIG. 2B is a cross section view illustrating themanufactured Composite.

FIG. 3 is flow diagram illustrating an exemplary process used tomanufacture the presently disclosed Composite, according to one or moreembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a cross section view illustrating a capping system using apiece of the Composite to cap an area of a job site, according to one ormore embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 5A-C are cross section views illustrating a process in which twopieces of the Composite are physically and permanently joined togethervia a reinforced overlapping seam so as to extend and realizedcontinuity of synthetic grass and continuity of impermeability over anarea of foundation soil, according to one or more embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of thedisclosure, specific exemplary embodiments in which the disclosure maybe practiced are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilledin the art to practice the disclosed embodiments. For example, specificdetails such as specific method orders, structures, elements, andconnections have been presented herein. However, it is to be understoodthat the specific details presented need not be utilized to practiceembodiments of the present disclosure. The following detaileddescription is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and thescope of the present disclosure is defined by the appended claims andequivalents thereof.

References within the specification to “one embodiment,” “anembodiment,” “embodiments”, or “one or more embodiments” are intended toindicate that a particular feature, structure, or characteristicdescribed in connection with the embodiment is included in at least oneembodiment of the present disclosure. The appearance of such phrases invarious places within the specification are not necessarily allreferring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternativeembodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. Further, variousfeatures are described which may be exhibited by some embodiments andnot by others. Similarly, various requirements are described which maybe requirements for some embodiments but not other embodiments.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure.As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, “or” includes “and/or,” and referenceto a numerical value includes at least that value, unless the contextclearly indicates otherwise. Moreover, the use of the terms first,second, etc. do not denote any order or importance, but rather the termsfirst, second, etc. are used to distinguish one element from another.

Within the descriptions of the different views of the figures, the useof the same reference numerals and/or symbols in different drawingsindicates similar or identical items, and similar elements can beprovided similar names and reference numerals throughout the figures. Ifa reference numeral is once used to refer to a plurality of likeelements, unless required otherwise by context, the reference numeralmay refer to any, a subset of, or all of, the like elements in thefigures bearing that reference numeral. The specific identifiers/namesand reference numerals assigned to the elements are provided solely toaid in the description and are not meant to imply any limitations(structural or functional or otherwise) on the described embodiments.

In the description, relative terms such as “left,” “right,” “vertical,”“horizontal,” “upper,” “lower,” “top” and “bottom” as well as anyderivatives thereof (e.g., “left side,” “upper synthetic turf,” andetc.) should be construed to refer to the logical orientation as thendescribed or as shown in the drawing figure under discussion. Theserelative terms are for convenience of description and are not intendedto convey any limitation with regard to a particular orientation.

With reference now to the figures, and beginning with FIGS. 2A-B, thereare illustrated cross section views illustrating the components of amanufactured composite having synthetic turf and impermeablegeomembrane, according to one or more embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 2A is an exploded cross section view illustrating the components ofa piece of a composite (hereinafter referred to as “Composite”) ofsynthetic turf and impermeable geomembrane, according to one or moreembodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 2A, for themost part, from top to bottom, a piece of Composite 200 comprisessynthetic turf 210 (which comprises synthetic grass 201 and primary202), bonding adhesive 203 and impermeable geomembrane 204.

In one embodiment, primary 202 is made of UV resistant wovenpolypropylene, and synthetic grass 201 is a collection of tufts, such asUV resistant, polyethylene monofilament yarns, with tufts tufted on anarrow gauge into primary 202 to form synthetic turf 210. Optionally, asecondary turf binder (not shown) may be applied to synthetic turf 210to secure the tufts so that the tufts cannot be easily pulled out bybrushing, traffic, or exposure over time. For example, the back ofprimary 202 may be lightly coated with liquid-applied polyurethane as asecondary turf binder that cures and secures the tufts.

Impermeable geomembrane 204, in one embodiment, is primarily orsubstantially made of thermoset material impermeable to liquids (such aswater), gas (such as air or methane) and solids. For example,geomembrane 204 may be primarily or substantially made of EPDM having athickness of 45 mil (1.14 mm). This is at least in part due to theconsideration that thermoset geomembrane, such as geomembrane made ofEPDM, usually has minimal (e.g. less than 1%) expansion and contraction,which is a property desired for maintaining stable bonding to theusually flexible and pliable primary of synthetic turf so as to keep theComposite stable and intact.

Bonding adhesive 203 is used to adhere synthetic turf 210 to geomembrane204. For illustration purpose, bonding adhesive 203 is shown as aseparate layer. In actuality, bonding adhesive 203 may be meshed withboth synthetic turf 210 and geomembrane 204 to secure the primary andthe tufts of synthetic turf 210 to geomembrane 204 (such as EPDMgeomembrane), and thus may not be visible there-between.

As illustrated in FIG. 2A, the exemplary Composite piece 200 comprises,in addition to a section 206 where there is synthetic grass tufted intoprimary 202, an edge section 205 where there is no synthetic grass 201tufted into primary 202 with the bonded and merged combination ofuntufted primary 202 of synthetic turf 210 and impermeable geomembrane204 remaining and exposed. Hereinafter, the terms “section” and “area”may be used interchangeably. As illustrated, untufted edge section 205is, in a length-wise direction, extended from and outside of theneighboring tufted section 206 of Composite piece 200 (hereinafter alsoreferred to as “synthetic grass section”). In one embodiment, the lengthof edge section 205, in the length-wise direction, may be about or up to14 inches. Thus, edge section 205 comprises, from top to bottom, primary202 of synthetic turf 210, bonding adhesive 203, and geomembrane 204. Aswill be further disclosed, edge section 205 serves as a base foranchoring the Composite piece as well as for forming an impermeablereinforced overlapping seam in joining this Composite piece with anotherComposite piece.

The bonded and merged combination of primary 202 and geomembrane 204 maybe viewed as the base of Composite piece 200 below synthetic grass 201.In one embodiment, impermeable geomembrane 204 has a thickness of 45 mil(or 1.14 mm). The thickness of primary 202 of synthetic turf 210 isusually a minor fraction of the thickness of geomembrane 204. Thus, thebase thickness of Composite piece 200 is a little over 45 mil.Typically, the height of synthetic grass 201 of synthetic turf 210 isapproximately 36 mm. Hence, in this embodiment, synthetic grass 201 isapproximately 25 to 30 times the thickness of the base there-below(which is the thickness of the bonded and merged combination of primary202 and geomembrane 204). Thus, for Composite piece 200, the thicknessof the base below synthetic grass 201 is usually less than 4%, andtherefore a small fraction, of the height of synthetic grass 201.

In view of the above-noted exemplary dimensions of components ofComposite piece 200, as a skilled artisan appreciates, FIGS. 2-5 are notdrawn to scale—particularly, the respective thicknesses of primary 202and geomembrane 204 are purposely exaggerated and distorted relative to,e.g., the height of synthetic grass 201—in order to make selectedfeatures or relationships easier to see and clearly illustrate theprinciple of selected operations.

As a skilled artisan appreciates, various modifications may be made tothe Composite illustrated in FIG. 2A without departing from the scopeand spirit of the present disclosure. As one example, other impermeablematerials (other than thermoset material), which are suitable formaintaining stable bonding to the primary of synthetic turf by, e.g.,having minimal expansion and contraction, may also be selected and usedas the material for geomembrane 204. As another example, two or morelayers of primary 202, or one or more layers in addition to primary 202and geomembrane 204, may be used to form the Composite.

FIG. 2B is a cross section view of the same piece of manufacturedComposite illustrated in the exploded cross section view of FIG. 2A,according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Asillustrated, synthetic turf 210 and geomembrane 204 are merged to forman indivisible piece of manufactured Composite 200. As noted, bondingadhesive 203 is used to bond synthetic turf 210 and geomembrane 204together. When the Composite is formed, bonding adhesive 203 is usuallyno longer visible (as bonding adhesive 203 has been meshed into bothsynthetic turf 210 and geomembrane 204), and thus is not shown in theillustrated manufactured Composite. As also illustrated, edge section205 of Composite piece 200, which is extended from the neighboringsynthetic grass section 206, is a composite section having primary 202of synthetic turf 210 and geomembrane 204 but with no synthetic grasstufted into primary 202.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary process ofmanufacturing the Composite, according to one or more embodiments of thepresent disclosure. Referring to FIG. 3, at step 301, synthetic turf 210is formed using one or more tufting techniques. In one embodiment wheresynthetic grass 201 comprises a plurality of yarns and primary 202 ismade of woven polypropylene, the yarn material is mounted on creels andfed through a tufter into the polypropylene woven primary. The yarnmaterial is tufted over a width in a width-wise direction without goingpast one end of the width so that a pre-specified width, such as 14-16inch, next to the end of the tufted width is left blank with no yarn.This untufted width, which corresponds to the length of edge section 205in a length-wise direction illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B, is reservedas a base to form an overlapping seam via which two Composite pieces arephysically joined. Further, the yarn material may be tufted over apre-specified length, such as several hundred feet, in a length-wisedirection. Synthetic turf 210 is formed when the tufting is completed.In one embodiment, synthetic turf 210 is formed in the form of acontinuous sheet suitable to be placed and conveyed on a conveyor belt.

At step 302, bonding adhesive 203 is applied to synthetic turf 210, asimpermeable geomembrane 204, such as a 45-mil EPDM geomembrane, ispositioned to be adhered to the back of primary 202 of synthetic turf210. In one embodiment, synthetic turf 210, which may be in the form ofa sheet, is sent to a laminating factory to be prepared for theapplication of adhesive directly onto the back or the material of itsprimary 202. Geomembrane 204 is received at the lamination factory andmounted to be fed parallel to the synthetic turf 210 onto a conveyorbelt. Synthetic turf 210, in a face-down orientation with the back ofits primary 202 facing up, travels down the conveyor into an applicatorframe where bonding adhesive 203, which may be an advanced bondingadhesive such as hot melt adhesive, is applied to the back of itsprimary 202. Additionally or alternately, bonding adhesive 203 is alsoapplied to the surface of geomembrane 204 facing the back of primary 202of synthetic turf 210. In one implementation, bonding adhesive isapplied to synthetic turf 210 or geomembrane 204 in a predeterminedamount per square yard.

At step 303, impermeable geomembrane 204 is merged onto the back ofprimary 202 of synthetic turf 210 (where bonding adhesive 203 has beenapplied at step 302). In the same embodiment described above inconnection with step 302, synthetic turf 210, which faces down,continues on the conveyor until geomembrane 204 is merged on top of theback of the turfs primary 202 with applied bonding adhesive 203.Geomembrane 204 and synthetic turf 210 are bonded together with appliedbonding adhesive 203, and travel through one or more compression means,such as compression rollers. The one or more compression means reinforcethe bonding between the two components (namely, the geomembrane 204 andthe synthetic turf 201) by compressing the two merged componentstogether under high pressure as the two merged components travelthere-through. With step 303, impermeable geomembrane 204, with bondingadhesive 203, is effectively pressed against primary 202 of syntheticturf 210 to form a “tuft bind” of the fibers of yarns of synthetic grass201.

At step 304, the merged material, which results from the merger of thegeomembrane 204 and the synthetic turf 201 at step 303, is subject to ahigh temperature environment in which the high temperature is adapted tofurther meld and cure the merged material to form a new Compositecomprising synthetic turf 210 and impermeable geomembrane 204. In thesame embodiment described above in connection with steps 302 and 303,the merged material winds through large high temperature drums at about210 F, melding and curing the merged material to form a new Compositecomprising synthetic turf 210 and impermeable geomembrane 204.

After the temperature drums, the newly formed Composite, which may be inthe form of a continuous sheet, is at the end of the conveyor, where oneside (e.g. the non-blank side) of the Composite sheet is trimmed for jobsite seaming. The Composite sheet may then be rolled onto round cores toa desired length, with the resulting roll being tagged with anappropriate identification. The newly formed Composite is allowed tocool on the roll for a custom period of time (such as 24 hours) andfurther cure, before being distributed for job site use. At a job site,a Composite sheet may be unrolled from a distribution roll, and then cutacross the width thereof into a number of parallel strips forinstallation, with each parallel strip having a cross sectionillustrated by FIGS. 2A and 2B.

FIG. 4 is a cross section view illustrating a capping system using apiece of the Composite to cover an area of a job site, according to oneor more embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 4, apiece of Composite 200 (hereinafter referred to as “Composite piece200”), which may be one of the aforementioned parallel strips cut out ofan unrolled Composite sheet, is installed to cover an area of the jobsite by being laid and secured on top of intermediate soil cover 101(which covers waste 108 situated there-below) otherwise exposed to theenvironment. In one embodiment, the capping system is installed at a jobsite having a grade of 0.5% or higher throughout the job site. Inanother embodiment, intermediate soil cover 101 (foundation soil 101),on which the capping system is placed over, is compacted to between 90%and 95% of Standard Proctor density, either by construction equipment orby mechanical vibrating roller, such that, after compacting, there areno stones larger than 4″ minimum protruding. Alternately, if there is anoptional gas collection layer (not shown) situated immediately aboveintermediate soil cover 101, Composite piece 200 is laid and secured ontop of the optional gas collection layer.

Composite piece 200, which has been illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B,comprises edge section 205 extended from the neighboring synthetic grasssection 206 while having no synthetic grass standing above the exposedcomposite comprising primary 202 of synthetic turf 210 and impermeablegeomembrane 204. If used, an anchoring device, such as an earth anchor407, is vertically installed to anchor Composite piece 200 againstintermediate soil cover 101 (also referred to as “foundation soil 101”)using edge section 205 of Composite piece 200.

One example of an anchoring scheme using earth anchor 407, which can besuitably configured for use to anchor Composite piece 200 in a cappingsystem, is one commercially available from Platipus Anchors Inc. Toinstall earth anchor 407, in one embodiment, as illustrated, an anchorplate 403 (which may be made from metal, plastic and etc.) is disposedon top of edge section 205 at or near edge section 205's far end, whichis one end of Composite piece 200. Earth anchor 407 is driven intointermediate soil cover 101 to an appropriate depth, such that thedepth, depending on the job site conditions, is sufficient to result inan expected, or a required minimum, bearing or anchor load capacityachieved through forces (such as frictional and/or gravitational forces)resulting from the soil mass above and surrounding the earth anchor. Forexample, if it is expected at the job site that a wind uplift factor canreach a maximum 150 miles per hour, then, depending on the job siteconditions (such as soil density of foundation soil 101, the slope of atarget area, linear friction of the Composite against foundation soil101, and etc.), earth anchor 407 is driven to a depth such that thebearing capacity achieved by earth anchor 407 as resulted from the depthexceeds the load at which the stress concentration immediately in frontof earth anchor 407 as resulted from a wind uplift factor of 150 milesper hour. As a skilled artisan appreciates, although only one earthanchor 407 is illustrated in FIG. 4, multiple earth anchors 407 may beinstalled to anchor Composite piece 200 against foundation soil 101,with the depth(s) and the spacing(s) of the earth anchors determinedbased on the job site conditions and the expected (or the requiredminimum) bearing or anchor load capacity achieved by the earth anchors.

In particular, earth anchor 407 is appropriately disposed withinintermediate soil cover 101 and coupled to anchor plate 403 via one ormore coupling elements, such as one or more rods, one or more cables,one or more fastening devices (e.g. screws, nuts and etc.), and/or acombination thereof, to achieve load locking. In one implementation, oneor more anchor rods are twisted to place and/or expand earth anchor 407for load locking A cable coupled to earth anchor 403 is cinchedvertically upwards through anchor plate 403 to achieve a desired stressload, and then secured on top of anchor plate 403 via one or morefastening devices, to achieve load locking. The coupling tension betweenanchor plate 403 and earth anchor 407, as resulted from the loadlocking, in turn results in anchor plate 403 being securely attached totop of edge section 205.

As a skilled artisan appreciates, the earth anchor scheme illustrated inFIG. 4 is merely exemplary. Various other anchoring schemes or anchoringdevices (e.g. using earth trenches) may also be suitably configured foruse to securely anchor Composite piece 200 against foundation soil 101in similar or different forms without departing from the spirit and thescope of the present disclosure. For example, additionally oralternately, earth trenches, as part of an overall anchoring scheme, maybe used to anchor the Composite against foundation soil 101. In oneimplementation, earth trenches of appropriate depths and widths may bedug to lay Composite pieces therein at either non-sloped sites or slopedsites. In particular, impermeable geomembrane 204, which may be made ofthermoset material (such as EPDM), usually generates relatively highlinear friction against foundation soil 101. Hence, Composite pieces200, by themselves, generate relatively high linear friction againstfoundation soil 101 when laid on top of foundation soil 101. Thus, afterComposite pieces 200 are laid in the earth trenches, with the dug-outsoil deployed across synthetic grass 201 of Composite pieces 200 toweigh down on the Composite pieces, Composite pieces 200 may be securedagainst foundation soil 101.

FIGS. 5A-C are cross section views illustrating an exemplary process inwhich two pieces of Composite are physically and permanently joinedtogether via a reinforced overlapping seam so as to extend aestheticlook of synthetic grass as well as impermeable coverage of the Compositeover an area of foundation soil 101, according to one or moreembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5A is an exaggerated cross section view illustrating how a secondComposite piece is configured and positioned relative to an alreadyinstalled first Composite piece before an edge portion of a tufted edgesection of the second Composite piece is overlaid onto an untufted edgesection of the first Composite piece in order to form a reinforcedoverlapping seam, according to one or more embodiments of the presentdisclosure. Referring to FIG. 5A, Composite pieces 200A and 200B, asindicated by their reference numerals, are both a manufactured Compositepiece 200 illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B. Composite piece 200A has beenlaid and anchored on top of an area of foundation soil 101 (or gascollection layer), with its synthetic-grass-less edge section 205Aextended from the neighboring synthetic grass section 206A and servingas the base for forming an impermeable reinforced overlapping seam.Hereinafter, edge section 205A will be interchangeably referred to asseam base 205A. Composite piece 200B is laid next to edge section 205Aof Composite piece 200A in a length-wise direction in such a manner thatan edge portion of an edge synthetic grass section 206B of Compositepiece 200B can be overlaid on top of seam base 205A. Hereinafter, theedge portion of synthetic grass section 206B will be interchangeablyreferred to as seam overlay 207B.

Specifically, seam overlay 207B may be defined as the portion ofsynthetic grass section 206B having, in a length-wise direction, astarting point at one end of synthetic grass section 206B (which is alsoone end of Composite piece 200B) and an ending point within syntheticgrass section 206B, where the length (or distance) between the startingpoint and the ending point is approximately equal to the length of seambase 205A of Composite piece 200A in a length-wise direction.

As illustrated in FIG. 5A, Composite piece 200B is lined next toComposite piece 200A such that the ending point of seam overlay 207B ispositioned on or slightly next to the far end of seam base 205A ofComposite piece 200A. This configuration lets seam overlay 207B to beoverlaid on top of and across the entire seam base 205A of Compositepiece 200A to form an overlapping seam. The starting point of seamoverlay 207B meets or substantially meets the near end of seam base 205A(abutting the neighboring synthetic grass section 206A of Compositepiece 200A) when the overlapping seam is formed.

As shown in FIG. 5A, before seam overlay 207B is overlaid on top of seambase 205A, anchor plate 403, as illustrated in FIG. 4, is disposed onand securely attached to top of seam base 205A, as part of an exemplaryanchoring scheme used to anchor Composite piece 200A against foundationsoil 101. Thus, as illustrated, anchor plate 403 lies underneath seamoverlay 207B yet outside of seam base 205A when seam overlay 207B isbeing overlaid on top of seam base 205A. From another perspective, forthe purpose of forming an overlapping seam, the top surface of anchorplate 403 may be treated as part of the top surface of seam base 205A.

As a preparation step for forming an overlapping seam, bonding adhesive501 may be applied on the top surface of seam base 205A as well as thetop surface of anchor plate 403 by, for example, being sprayed or rolledthereon. Additionally or alternately, bonding adhesive 501 may beapplied on the underside of seam overlay 207B. After the application ofbonding adhesive 501, splicing tape 404 may be applied on the topsurface of an area of seam base 205A at or close to seam base 205A'snear end (which abuts the neighboring synthetic grass section ofComposite piece 200A) by being laid on the top surface of the same areaof seam base 205A. Thus, splicing tape 404, being on top of thepreviously applied bonding adhesive 501, is bonded to the top surface ofseam base 205A. Alternately or additionally, a cap strip (not shown) maybe applied on the top surface of the aforementioned same area (wheresplicing tape 404 may be applied) or a nearby area of seam base 205A.Both the splicing tape and the cap strip may be specifically configuredto promote a chemical and/or molecular bond to bonding adhesive 501.

FIG. 5B is an exaggerated cross section view illustrating a reinforcedoverlapping seam formed as a result of seam overlay 207B of Compositepiece 200B being overlaid onto seam base 205A of Composite piece 200A,according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.Referring to FIG. 5B, seam overlay 207B is overlaid onto seam base 205Ato form overlapping seam 500. In one implementation, seam overlay 207Bis pressed onto seam base 205A as seam overlay 207B is rolled onto seambase 205A from the far end of seam base 205A using, e.g., a 25+ poundroller with 12 inch in width. As seam overlay 207B is compressed againstseam base 205A, seam overlay 207B and seam base 205A are permanentlybonded together due to the strong adherence there-between achievedthrough the combination of bonding adhesive 501 and splicing tape 404.With the permanent bonding between seam overlay 207B and seam base 205A,overlapping seam 500 is formed. Through the resulting overlapping seam500, Composite piece 200B and Composite piece 200A are physically andpermanently joined together.

With Composite pieces 200B and 200A being permanently joined togetherthrough overlapping seam 500, Composite piece 200B, in effect, becomesan extension of Composite piece 200A. Specifically, since seam base 205A(which is bare of synthetic grass) is replaced by overlapping seam 500having synthetic grass 201B tufted on primary 202B, synthetic grass isextended from synthetic grass section 206A of Composite piece 200A tosynthetic grass section 206B of Composite piece 200B, thereby extendingand realizing continuity of synthetic grass over an area of foundationsoil. Further, since overlapping seam 500, in linking two impermeableComposite pieces 200B and 200A, is impermeable itself due to itsinclusion of two impermeable geomembranes 204B and 204A, continuity ofimpermeability is extended and realized over an area of foundation soil.

As illustrated in FIG. 5B, overlapping seam 500, from top to bottom,comprises synthetic grass 201B, primary 202B, geomembrane 204B, primary202A and geomembrane 204A. Hence, for overlapping seam 500, the basebelow synthetic grass 201B comprises two primaries (namely, primaries202B and 202A) and two impermeable geomembranes (namely, geomembranes204B and 204A), doubling both the number of primary components ofsynthetic turf and the number of impermeable geomembranes. In oneaspect, with the doubling in the number of impermeable geomembranes,overlapping seam 500 is reinforced in impermeability. In another aspect,with the doubling in the number of primary components of synthetic turf,overlapping seam 500 is reinforced in tensile strength. Therefore, theresulting overlapping seam is also referred to as a reinforcedoverlapping seam in the present disclosure.

FIG. 5C is a cross section view illustrating aesthetic look, from adistance, of two Composite pieces installed using earth anchor 407 andoverlapping seam 500 over an area of a job site. As noted in connectionwith FIGS. 2A and 2B, in an embodiment where the thickness ofimpermeable geomembrane 204 is 45 mil (1.14 mm) and the height ofsynthetic grass 201 is 36 mm, the thickness of the base of a Compositepiece 200 (below synthetic grass 201) is usually less than 4%, andtherefore a small fraction, of the height of synthetic grass 201.Compared to that of a Composite piece 200 (such as Composite piece 200Aor 200B), the base thickness of overlapping seam 500 (below syntheticgrass 201B) is substantially doubled, e.g., from a little over 45 mil toa little over 90 mil, due to the doubling in both the number of primarycomponents of synthetic turf and the number of geomembranes. However,the doubled base thickness of overlapping seam 500 is still less than 8%of, and therefore remains to be a small fraction of, the height ofsynthetic grass 201B. Putting it differently, the height of syntheticgrass is predominant over both the vertical thickness of the base of aComposite piece 200 and the vertical thickness of the base of anoverlapping seam 500. Thus, referring to FIG. 5C, looking, from adistance, at two Composite pieces installed using intermittent earthanchor 407 and overlapping seams 500, the difference in base thickness,or in other words the difference in “horizontal” profile, betweenoverlapping seam 500 and the two neighboring synthetic grass sections ofthe two Composite pieces is practically unnoticeable below thepredominantly tall continuous synthetic grass 201A and 201B.

Accordingly, as Composite pieces 200 are installed using intermittentearth anchors 407 and overlapping seams 500 over foundation soil 101,not only continuity of synthetic grass as well as continuity ofimpermeability of Composite are extended and realized, aesthetic look ofsynthetic grass is also extended and materialized. As such, usingComposite pieces 200, the presently disclosed capping system is able toprovide permanent, impermeable and functional aesthetic cover over anentire job site for land reclamation.

As a skilled artisan appreciates, although FIGS. 5A-5C show an exampleof overlaying seam overlay 207B of Composite piece 200B on top of seambase 205A of Composite piece 200B where seam overlay 207B is lined on ornext to the left side of seam base 205A, a similar overlaying processcan be conducted where seam overlay 207B is lined on or next to theright side of seam base 205A when seam base 205A is situated on theright edge of Composite piece 200A. Additionally, Composite piece 200Amay be configured as having two seam bases 205A on both left and rightsides so that an overlaying process can be conducted on each of the leftand right seam bases 205A, thus joining Composite piece 200 to twoneighboring Composite pieces via two resulting reinforced overlappingseams 500 formed on two seam bases 205A, respectively.

As a skilled artisan readily appreciates, the approaches used byApplicant are quite distinct from those used in conventional syntheticgrass capping systems (such as the one disclosed in the '105 patent).

First, one approach of Applicant is abandoning and avoiding usingseparate and distinct installation layers in a capping system. In doingso, Applicant investigated the possibility of combining synthetic turfand impermeable geomembrane into a true pre-manufactured compositeeffective to be used in a single-layer installation capping system asthe single layer of a permanent, impermeable and functional aestheticcover for land reclamation. By contrast, conventional synthetic grasscapping systems, such as the one disclosed in the '105 patent, center onusing separate and distinct installation layers, such as synthetic turf,sand-infill, synthetic drainage components and impermeable geomembrane,for land reclamation.

Next, Applicant, in one embodiment of the present disclosure, choosesthe relatively more expensive thermoset geomembrane, such as geomembranemade of EPDM, to achieve impermeability required in a capping system sothat a true composite including synthetic turf and impermeablegeomembrane can be feasibly manufactured for use as the single layer ofa permanent, impermeable and functional aesthetic cover in a cappingsystem. By contrast, although thermoset geomembrane, such as geomembranemade of EPDM, has long been available, conventional synthetic grasscapping systems have deliberately avoided using the relatively moreexpensive thermoset geomembrane, and instead uniformly chosen therelatively less expensive thermoplastic geomembrane, such as HDPE orLLDPE, to achieve impermeability required therein.

More specifically, thermoset geomembrane, such as EPDM, does notoxidize, whereas thermoplastic geomembrane, such as HDPE or LLDPE, does.As a result, thermoset geomembrane usually has very minimal (such asless than 1%) expansion and contraction, whereas thermoplasticgeomembrane usually has substantial expansion and contraction. Thus, ifthermoplastic geomembrane were included in a composite (with syntheticturf), its tendency to expand and contract would inevitably cause thecomposite to de-laminate and result in a capping system (using thecomposite) unstable, regardless of how strong the adhesive used toadhere the primary of synthetic turf and thermoplastic geomembrane is.On the other hand, using thermoset geomembrane, such as EPDM, asimpermeable geomembrane included in a composite, due to the minimumtendency to expand and contract of thermoset geomembrane, does not causethe composite to de-laminate and thus renders a capping system (usingthe composite) balanced and stable.

Thus, the conventional approach of exclusively relying on the relativelyless expensive thermoplastic geomembrane to achieve impermeabilityprevents ordinarily skilled artisans implementing conventional syntheticgrass capping systems from moving away from using thermoplasticgeomembrane as a separate impermeable layer in a capping system. Bycontrast, choosing the relatively more expensive thermoset geomembraneto achieve impermeability allows Applicant to effectively materializetrue pre-manufactured composite (comprising synthetic turf andimpermeable geomembrane) that can be used in a viablesingle-layer-installation capping system, thereby achieving substantialsavings (over conventional synthetic grass capping systems) byeliminating or reducing costs associated with materials (such assand-infill), labor, equipment and time otherwise required. Accordingly,Applicant's approach, in one embodiment of the present disclosure, ofselecting thermoset geomembrane to achieve impermeability is vitallydistinct from the conventional approach of exclusively relying onthermoplastic geomembrane to achieve impermeability.

Accordingly, it should be apparent to a skilled artisan that theapproaches used by Applicant are quite distinct from those used inconventional synthetic grass capping systems.

By moving away from the approaches of conventional synthetic grasscapping systems, the presently disclosed capping system manages toachieve numerous advantages over conventional synthetic grass cappingsystems. First, rather than requiring separate installations formultiple separate and distinct layers, the presently disclosed cappingsystem only uses a single layer (namely, the Composite) to coverfoundation soil, and thus only requires a single-layer installation, asillustrated in FIGS. 4-5. As a result, substantial cost associated withmaterials, equipment, transportation and site manipulation in connectionwith installations of multiple separate and distinct layers iseliminated or reduced. Consequently, the workload and the time otherwiseneeded for installation may be drastically reduced.

Second, unlike a conventional synthetic grass capping system (such asthe one disclosed in the '105 patent), the presently disclosed cappingsystem does not require heavy sand-infill, which is susceptible to windand water erosion, to protect the system against wind uplift. This is atleast in part due to the uses of anchoring devices, such as intermittentearth anchors, and in part due to the consideration that impermeablegeomembrane 204, which may be made of thermoset material (such as EPDM),usually generates relatively high linear friction against foundationsoil 101, especially when Composite pieces are installed on a slope.Thus, for the presently disclosed capping system, with no need forsand-infill, expensive maintenance work resulting from, e.g., wind andwater erosion to sand infill otherwise needed is also eliminated.

Third, for the presently disclosed capping system, the surface of theused Composite promotes rapid drainage. For example, when the Compositeis installed at a job site having a grade of 0.5% or higher gradethroughout the job site, outside moisture landing on synthetic grassruns with the slope of the grade directly into a collector system. Thus,the presently disclosed capping system does not require syntheticdrainage components, such as the series of studs incorporated in theLLDPE geomembrane 102 as disclosed in the '105 patent. As a result, costassociated with manufacturing and incorporating synthetic drainagecomponents (into a capping system) otherwise needed is eliminated.

Fourth, for the presently disclosed capping system, as illustrated inFIG. 3, impermeable geomembrane 204, with adhesive, is pressed againstprimary 202 of synthetic turf 210, which is the back of the syntheticgrass 201 of synthetic turf 210, to form a “tuft bind” of the fibers ofyarns of synthetic grass 201. By contrast, conventional synthetic grasscapping systems (such as the one disclosed in the '105 patent) usuallydo not have any “tuft bind”, and therefore is susceptible to itssynthetic grass being forcibly separated from the back thereof byexternal influences, e.g., a bird. Thus, having the “tuft bind” for theComposite is another advantage that the presently disclosed cappingsystem has over conventional synthetic grass capping systems.

While the disclosure has been described with reference to exemplaryembodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art thatvarious changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted forelements thereof without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Inaddition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular system,device or component thereof to the teachings of the disclosure withoutdeparting from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intendedthat the disclosure not be limited to the particular embodimentsdisclosed for carrying out this disclosure, but that the disclosure willinclude all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

Although the invention has been described with reference to severalexemplary embodiments, it is understood that the words that have beenused are words of description and illustration, rather than words oflimitation. Changes may be made within the purview of the appendedclaims, as presently stated and as amended, without departing from thescope and spirit of the invention in all its aspects. Although theinvention has been described with reference to particular means,materials and embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limitedto the particulars disclosed; rather, the invention extends to allfunctionally equivalent technologies, structures, methods and uses suchas are within the scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A synthetic turf composite structure, comprising:a synthetic turf including synthetic grass and a primary, wherein thesynthetic turf includes a tufted section having the synthetic grasstufted into the primary and an untufted section without the syntheticgrass tufted into the primary, wherein an upper end portion of thesynthetic grass extends above a first side of the primary and a lowerend portion of the synthetic grass extends through the primary to exposethe lower end portion of the synthetic grass at a second side of theprimary and wherein the untufted section spans between the tuftedsection and a first splicing edge of the synthetic turf; a base layerunderlying and adjoined to the second side of the primary of the tuftedand untufted sections of the synthetic turf; and an elongated seambonding strip on the first side of the primary along a length of theuntufted section of the synthetic turf, wherein a width of the elongatedseam bonding strip is less than a width of the untufted section andwherein the elongated seam bonding strip is offset from the firstsplicing edge such that a space is provided between the elongated seambonding strip and the first splicing edge.
 2. The synthetic turfcomposite structure of claim 1, further comprising: a layer of bondingmaterial between the synthetic turf and the base layer adjoiningsynthetic turf and the base layer.
 3. The synthetic turf compositestructure of claim 2, wherein: the layer of bonding material and thebase layer each extend across a border between the tufted and untuftedsections.
 4. The synthetic turf composite structure of claim 1 whereinthe base layer is a geomembrane including at least one layer ofthermoset material.
 5. The synthetic turf composite structure of claim 4wherein the thermoset material is EPDM.
 6. The synthetic turf compositestructure of claim 1 wherein the base layer includes a plurality oflayers of woven polymeric material.
 7. The synthetic turf compositestructure of claim 6 wherein polymeric material of at least one of thelayers of polymeric material is polypropylene.
 8. The synthetic turfcomposite structure of claim 1 wherein the base layer has a widthwhereby the base layer underlies an entire portion of the elongated seambonding strip and underlies at least a portion of the space between theelongated seam bonding strip and the first splicing edge.
 9. Thesynthetic turf composite structure of claim 1, further comprising: alayer of bonding material between the first side of the primary and theelongated seam bonding strip, wherein layer of bonding material extendsalong a length of the untufted section of the synthetic turf between thetufted section and the first splicing edge.
 10. The synthetic turfcomposite structure of claim 9 wherein: the elongated seam bonding stripis a splicing tape; and the splicing tape is configured to promote atleast one of a chemical bond and a molecular bond to the layer ofbonding material.
 11. The synthetic turf composite structure of claim 10wherein the base layer has a width whereby the base layer underlies anentire portion of the elongated seam bonding strip and underlies atleast a portion of the space between the elongated seam bonding stripand the first splicing edge.
 12. A waste disposal site, comprising: anarea of land having an exposed surface; and a plurality of pieces ofsynthetic turf composite structure arranged in a side-by-side manner tocover at least a portion of the exposed surface of the area of land,wherein each one of the pieces of synthetic turf composite structureincludes synthetic turf having a back surface thereof adjoined to afront surface of a base layer, wherein adjacent pieces of the syntheticturf composite structure have an overlapping seam structure formedtherebetween, wherein the overlapping seam structure of the adjacentpieces of the synthetic turf composite structure includes a tuftedsection of one of the adjacent pieces of the synthetic turf compositestructure section and an untufted section the other one of the adjacentpieces of the synthetic turf composite structure section, wherein thetufted section overlays the untufted section such that a front surfaceof the untufted section faces a back surface of the tufted section,wherein a splicing tape is provided between the front surface of theuntufted section and the back surface of the tufted section along thelength thereof for adjoining the tufted section and the untuftedsection, wherein a width of the splicing tape is less than a width ofthe untufted section and wherein the splicing tape is offset from anouter length-wise edge of the untufted section such that a space isprovided between the splicing tape and the outer length-wise edge of theuntufted section.
 13. The waste disposal site of claim 12, furthercomprising: a plurality of anchoring devices within the overlapping seamstructure of the adjacent pieces of the synthetic turf compositestructure, each one of the anchoring devices extending into engagementwith an underlying portion of the land through the untufted section at alocation within the space between the splicing tape and the outerlength-wise edge of the untufted section.
 14. The waste disposal site ofclaim 13 wherein: each one of the anchoring devices includes a headportion with a shank portion extending therefrom; the shank portionextends through the untufted section; and the head portion is betweenthe front surface of the untufted section and the back surface of thetufted section.
 15. The waste disposal site of claim 12 wherein the baselayer includes a plurality of layers of woven polymeric material. 16.The waste disposal site of claim 15 wherein polymeric material of atleast one of the layers of polymeric material is polypropylene.
 17. Thewaste disposal site of claim 12 wherein: a first layer of bondingmaterial is provided between the front surface of the untufted sectionand the splicing tape; and the splicing tape is configured to promote atleast one of a chemical bond and a molecular bond to the first layer ofbonding material.
 18. The waste disposal site of claim 17 wherein: asecond layer of bonding material is provided between the back surface ofthe tufted section and the splicing tape; the back surface of the tuftedsection is defined by the base layer; and the splicing tape isconfigured to promote at least one of a chemical bond and a molecularbond to the first and second layers of bonding material.
 19. A method offorming a synthetic turf composite structure, comprising: providing alength of synthetic turf including a tufted section having the syntheticgrass tufted into a primary thereof and an untufted section withoutsynthetic grass tufted into the primary, wherein the untufted sectionspans between the tufted section and a first splicing edge of thesynthetic turf; adjoining a length of a geomembrane to a back surface ofthe synthetic turf, wherein the geomembrane underlies the tufted sectionand the untufted section; and forming an elongated seam bonding strip onthe front surface of the untufted section along a length of theuntufted, wherein a width of the elongated seam bonding strip is lessthan a width of the untufted section and wherein the elongated seambonding strip is offset from the first splicing edge of the untuftedsection such that a space is provided between the elongated seam bondingstrip and the first splicing edge.
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein:the elongated seam bonding strip is a splicing tape; and forming anelongated seam bonding strip on the front surface of the untuftedsection includes applying the splicing tape to the front surface of theuntufted section.
 21. The method of claim 19, further comprising:providing a layer of bonding material between the front surface of theuntufted section and the elongated seam bonding strip, wherein the firstlayer of bonding material extends along a length of the untufted sectionbetween the tufted section and the first splicing edge of the untuftedsection and wherein the elongated seam bonding strip is configured topromote at least one of a chemical bond and a molecular bond to thefirst layer of bonding material.
 22. The method of claim 21 whereinproviding the layer of bonding material between the front surface of theuntufted section and the elongated seam bonding strip includes: applyingthe layer of bonding material to the front surface of the untuftedsection; and forming the elongated seam bonding strip over the layer ofbonding material.
 23. The method of claim 22 wherein: the elongated seambonding strip is a splicing tape; and forming an elongated seam bondingstrip on the front surface of the untufted section includes applying thesplicing tape over the layer of bonding material.
 24. The method ofclaim 19, further comprising: providing a second layer of bondingmaterial on a back surface of the tufted section, wherein the backsurface of the tufted section is defined by the geomembrane and whereinthe splicing tape is configured to promote at least one of a chemicalbond and a molecular bond to the first and second layers of bondingmaterial.
 25. The method of claim 24 wherein: the elongated seam bondingstrip is a splicing tape; and forming an elongated seam bonding strip onthe front surface of the untufted section includes applying the splicingtape to the front surface of the untufted section.